Golden Ass Essay - 1123 Words

Golden Ass Apuleius Golden Ass, the only surviving novel of the Roman Empire, is a tale of a Greek nobleman devoting his life to the goddess Isis following his transformation to an ass and back. Although a work of fiction, the novel reveals a great deal about religion in Apuleius society. This information, however, must be viewed with a critical eye. He incorporates stories from Greco-Roman mythology not to affirm their validity, but to reveal their commonness to society. Apuleius insults other religions that are not of the Pantheon with severe viciousness, while the general public may have been more open to them. In the end, he praises Isis and Osiris as the supreme gods while giving first hand account of their righteousness.†¦show more content†¦As the wild boar mutilated the handsome Adonis, the witches and the people of Hypta had disfigured Thelyphron. Other incidents that are similar to stories in myth occur throughout the novel. Like these two incidents, the others also f ollow the pattern of showing that things occurring in everyday Greek life (having sexual relations with a slave and getting attacked by an angry mob) were nearly synonymous with divine tales. Following Lucious transformation to an ass, he takes on a more frontal assault towards the minor religions present in the Roman Empire at the time. He outright calls the eunuch priests that worship the Syrian Goddess frauds. The priests stay Where the public were very kind to them: in particular they made a good deal of money by professing to tell fortunes. Between them, these pious frauds composed an all-purpose oracle for the Goddess to deliver by their mouths, and used it to cheat a great many people who came to consult her on all sorts of questions. (Graves, pg. 198-199) By not revealing the specifics of the religion of the eunuchs, Apuleius leaves open the possibility of applying the fraudulent aspect to other outside religions in the empire. 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The Catcher In The Rye Holden Essay free essay sample

The Catcher In The Rye: Holden Essay, Research Paper The Catcher In The Rye: Holden Preface This book has been steeped in contention since it was banned in America after it # 8217 ; s first publication. John Lennon # 8217 ; s bravo, Mark Chapman, asked the former beatle to subscribe a transcript of the book earlier in the forenoon of the twenty-four hours that he murdered Lennon. Police found the book in his ownership upon groking the psychologically disturbed Chapman. However, the book itself contains nil that could be attributed with taking Chapman to move as he did # 8211 ; it could hold been any book that he was reading the twenty-four hours he decided to kill John Lennon # 8211 ; and as a consequence of the fact that it was # 8216 ; The Catcher In The Rye # 8217 ; , a book describing nervous dislocation, media speculated widely about the possible connexion. This gave the book even more ill fame. So what is # 8216 ; The Catcher In The Rye # 8217 ; really about? Superficially the narrative of a immature adult male # 8217 ; s ejection from yet another school, # 8216 ; The Catcher In The Rye # 8217 ; is in fact a perceptive survey of one person # 8217 ; s apprehension of his human status. Holden Caulfield, a adolescent turning up in 1950s New York, has been expelled school for hapless accomplishment one time once more. In an effort to cover with this he leaves school a few yearss prior to the terminal of term, and goes to New York to # 8216 ; take a holiday # 8217 ; before returning to his parents # 8217 ; inevitable wrath. Told as a soliloquy, the book describes Holden # 8217 ; s ideas and activities over these few yearss, during which he describes a developing nervous dislocation, symptomised by his turns of unexplained depression, unprompted disbursement and by and large uneven, fickle behavior, prior to his eventual nervous prostration. However, during his psychological conflict, life continues on about Holden as it ever had, with the bulk of people disregarding the # 8216 ; madman stuff # 8217 ; that is go oning to him # 8211 ; until it begins to infringe on their well defined societal codifications. Increasingly through the novel we are challenged to believe about society # 8217 ; s attitude to the human status # 8211 ; does society hold an # 8216 ; ostrich in the sand # 8217 ; outlook, a calculated ignorance of the emptiness that can qualify human being? And if so, when Caulfield begins to examine and look into his ain sense of emptiness and isolation, before eventually declaring that the universe is full of # 8216 ; hypocrites # 8217 ; with each one put out for their ain hypocrite addition, is Holden really the 1 who is traveling insane, or is it society which has lost it # 8217 ; s mind for neglecting to see the hopelessness of their ain lives? Holden # 8217 ; s Personality There are 3 chief facets in Holden # 8217 ; s personality: 1. His unfavorable judgment toward the # 8216 ; phony # 8217 ; things in society. 2. His perceptual experience that Torahs ( Rules ) are # 8216 ; kid # 8217 ; s play # 8217 ; for the strong and a hard battle for the weak. 3. Respect for fellowman. The unfavorable judgment toward # 8216 ; phony # 8217 ; things in society is expressed in the novel chiefly by the word # 8216 ; phony # 8217 ; . Holden is a representative of the universe of childhood whose features are the opposite values to those Holden calls # 8216 ; phony # 8217 ; . One of the things Holden frequently calls # 8216 ; phony # 8217 ; is the universe of films and everything about it. Examples of it are his choler toward his brother D.B. because he moved to Hollywood, antipathy of Sunny the cocotte who tells him she spends most of her clip in movie theatres and derision to the three adult females he met at the saloon who are merely interested in films and celebrated histrions. Another thing Holden calls # 8216 ; phony # 8217 ; is the theatre. He finds the theatre # 8216 ; phony # 8217 ; because he thinks that alternatively of showing world as it is, the accent is put on smoothing staginess. He says he has neer seen so much # 8216 ; phony # 8217 ; things like he saw in the theatre. Out of these illustrations and others we see that for Holden it is really of import to be # 8216 ; existent # 8217 ; , honest and non # 8216 ; phony # 8217 ; , therefore the unfavorable judgment toward the # 8216 ; phony # 8217 ; things in society is the most important facet of his personality Another of import facet in Holden # 8217 ; s personality is that regulations to him were meant to function the strong, whereas he belongs to the weak, therefore he ignores them wholly. His attitude toward regulations can be demonstrated by these illustrations: Ring Lardner # 8217 ; s Tells Holden a narrative in which a married police officer fell in love with a miss who drove faster than the velocity bound and finally was killed because of it. In this narrative Torahs ( Rules ) are mentioned twice: 1. The police officer fell in love with a miss while he was married and this means interrupting societal Torahs. 2. The girl drove excessively fast and this means interrupting traffic Torahs. The result of this narrative is failure and decease. From here we can larn of Holden # 8217 ; s personality because he likes this narrative really much and he thinks that these felonies don # 8217 ; t necessitate penalty. Another illustration is Holden # 8217 ; s talk with Mr. Spencer who tells him: # 8220 ; Life is a game male child. Life is a game that one plays harmonizing to the regulations # 8230 ; If you get on the side where all the hot-shots are, so it # 8217 ; s a game # 8230 ; But if you get on the other side, where there aren # 8217 ; t any hot-shots, so what # 8217 ; s a game about it? # 8221 ; . Holden agrees with Mr. Spencer. Actually, Holden has an ambivalent position of regulations which is expressed in Holden # 8217 ; s words: # 8220 ; I # 8217 ; m ever puting myself regulations about sex and I instantly interrupt them # 8221 ; . Holden refers regulations to the universe of the strong but he himself can non avoid scene regulations for himself, yet he neer keeps them. So this is another contradiction in Holden # 8217 ; s personality. Another facet of Holden # 8217 ; s personality is the fact that Holden can # 8217 ; t base people who don # 8217 ; t esteem fellowmen and wear # 8217 ; t listen to what they say. Holden thinks that it is really of import to listen to people and esteem their privateness. Examples of this can be found in many parts of the narrative such as: 1. Holden # 8217 ; s willingness to halt in the center of the sexual act because of a miss # 8217 ; s bespeak when others wouldn # 8217 ; T. 2. Holden # 8217 ; s esteem to the nuns. 3. Holden # 8217 ; s esteem to Jane: the willingness non to snog her and soothing her when she cried. In visible radiation of these illustrations and others we can reason that fellowman is really of import to Holden. However, when people criticize him, he doesn # 8217 ; t esteem them at all. This can clearly be seen in Holden # 8217 ; s attitude toward Pheobe and Antolini. Holden # 8217 ; s attitude toward: 1. Teachers. 2. Friends. 3. Family. 4. Life. 1.Holden # 8217 ; s attitude toward instructors is ambivalent: on the one manus he is instinctively against them because they are representatives of the Torahs he interruptions. On the other manus he respects instructors like Antolini and Spencer. 2.Holdne # 8217 ; s friends are presented as negative and selfish characters such as Stradlater and Ackley. Although Stradlater and Ackley are socially opposite, ( Stradlater on the top and Ackley in the underside ) they are both unfit for Holden and under the camouflage of the fine-looking successful jock or the ugly rejected sloth, they are the same # 8211 ; selfish, ache other people and obey Torahs. 3. Holden has an exceeding attitude toward his parents. On the one manus he wants to delight them and on the other manus he doesn # 8217 ; t do anything to carry through that so he disappoints them. To his brother D.B, Holden has some regard accompanied with letdown of him going commercialized all his life as a author in Hollywood, of his girlfriend and of his auto. To his sister Pheobe, nevertheless, Holden has a particular sentiment because she represents childhood, pureness, artlessness and apprehension to Holden. Despite all this, Pheobe likes films, participates in school dramas and criticizes Holden. Allegedly, Holden should hold hated her but he chooses to disregard these # 8216 ; disadvantages # 8217 ; . 4.Holden # 8217 ; s attitude toward life consequences from his attitude toward himself. His low self-esteem causes him to seek to run off from life and from world. When life is presented to him as a game with regulations, he breaks the regulations and foliages the game. In Conclusion We see Holden as a changeless character. As a individual who refuses to accept world and attempts every bit much as he can to hold on childhood. He wants to go frequenter of the kids in order to protect their pureness and artlessness. And as a concluding comment I would wish to state that when we are honorable we can see within ourselves suppressed elements of the forces runing within Holden Caulfield, and because of that I would urge this idea arousing novel as a fascinating and edifying description of our human status. However, beware # 8230 ; for that really ground it is non comfy reading.

Advertisements Analysis and Comparison

When it comes to ensuring the commercial/aesthetic appeal of an advertised product, it is crucially important to remain thoroughly aware of what accounts for the specifics of the targeted audience’s consumer-behavior. In their turn, these specifics are best discussed within the context of how the targeted consumers’ cultural affiliation affects their cognitive leanings/existential attitudes, in general, and their purchasing decision-making, in particular (Mooij 2007, p. 27).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Advertisements Analysis and Comparison specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is understood, of course, that this suggestion contradicts the assumption that, due to the rise of Globalization, the qualitative aspects of people’s consumerist behavior in different parts of the world grow increasingly unified. Hence, a ‘universalist’ theory of marketing, which implies that there is no t much of a sense in adjusting advertisement-campaigns to be fully observant of how targeted buyers tend to perceive the surrounding reality. This theory, however, cannot be referred to as such that represents an undisputed truth-value. The reason for this is simple – despite an ongoing economic Globalization, there is a plenty of evidence that the manner, in which consumers perceive the actual value of advertised goods and services, continues to be highly reflective of what happened to be the particulars of these people’s culturally defined ‘brain wiring’. In my paper, I will aim to substantiate the validity of this thesis at length, in regards to the American (Western) and Korean (Oriental) advertisement-posters of beer, seen bellow: â€Å"Appreciation unfolds in the morning!† Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More â€Å"King of beers† Semiotic analysis American (Western) Semantics. The advertisement-message, conveyed by American poster is clearly object-oriented. The depicted bottle of beer is meant to emphasize both: the promoted beverage’s coldness/tastefulness and the fact that it is specifically Budweiser that ‘reigns’ over the rest of the beer-brands. This is also the reason why the bottle’s lid is flipped upside down – it makes the bottle appear as if it was wearing a ‘crown’. The bottle of Budweiser beer is situated at the poster’s very center, which increases the extent of viewers’ emotional/cognitive comfortableness with the conveyed message even further. Syntactics. The typed message, seen above the depicted object, thoroughly correlates with the poster’s visual semiotics, because it does encourage consumers to assume that in the ‘world of beer’, Budweiser dominates. The message’s strongly defined affirmativeness does not pro vide observes with much of a liberty to interpret the promoted idea’s ideological connotation. Pragmatics. The pragmatic subtleties of this particular advertisement-poster are concerned with the poster’s assumed ability to encourage beer-consumers to believe that, by drinking Budweiser beers they become ‘empowered’. This, of course, increases the emotional appeal of the Budweiser beer-brand to American (Western) audiences even further, because they predominantly consist of people endowed with the so-called ‘Faustian’ (domination-seeking) mentality (Greenwood 2009, p. 53).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Advertisements Analysis and Comparison specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Korean (Oriental) Semantics. The overall message, conveyed by Korean poster, is best defined as a context-oriented. That is, by observing this poster, consumers are expected to think of the actual reaso n why they drink beer, as such that is being concerned with helping them to explore their individuality, rather than with allowing them to experience a purely sensory pleasure. This is exactly the reason why the image of a smiling young woman clearly dominates the poster and why the advertised bottle of beer is situated at the poster’s bottom-right corner. Syntactics. The typed message, seen in this poster, appears context-oriented, as well. This is because it merely encourages potential consumers to establish a dialectical link between the notions of ‘appreciation’ and ‘beer’, without forcing the audience’s members to assume that such a link exists de facto. As such, it is being fully consistent with the poster’s visual semiotics. Pragmatics. While exposed to this poster, potential consumers are expected to consider the possibility that, by drinking the advertised beer, they will be able to substantially increase the sheer intensity of their perception of the surrounding reality’s emanations, which in turn will make them more appreciative of their life-experiences. This implies that the poster is being fully attuned to the workings of the so-called ‘Apollonian’ (Oriental psyche), concerned with Oriental people’s strive to coexist with the nature peacefully, rather than with trying to dominate it (Greenwood, p. 54). Overt vs covert messages American (Western) As it was implied earlier, the commercial appeal of American advertisement-poster reflects the designers’ awareness of the fact that the foremost psychological trait, on the part of the targeted audience’s members, is their deep-seated anxiety to dominate others. In its turn, this explains why the overt messages, conveyed by this poster (such as the logo ‘king of beers’), exploit the ‘appeal to masculinity’. Nevertheless, there are also a number of covert (subliminal) overtones to this particu lar appeal. For example, the color of the poster’s background is dark-red, which is supposed to evoke in potential consumers the image of the ancient Roman god of war Mars. The poster’s vertically-aligned format is clearly reminiscent of the notion of hierarchy, which has traditionally been associated with the notion of masculinity.Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Apparently, while exposed to this poster, male beer-lovers are expected to grow increasingly comfortable with the idea that by drinking Budweiser beer, they will be more likely to attain a social prominence in male-dominated societies. Moreover, because the bottle of Budweiser beer, depicted in the poster, appears visually subliminal of an erect penis, the targeted buyers’ prolonged exposure to it will inevitably result in encouraging them to think that the consumption of Budweiser beer, on their part, is the direct pathway towards ensuring the undermined integrity of their sexual powers. Korean (Oriental) Even though that, formally speaking, Korean poster does convey the overt message that the activity of drinking beer does make people more appreciative of the surrounding reality, the actual appeal of this poster is concerned with the sheer potency of the promoted message’s covert undertones. Apparently, poster’s designers never ceased being fully aware of the fact that, while deciding in favor of buying a particular product, Orientals tend to act in an essentially intuitive manner (Norenzayan et al. 2002, p. 653). The validity of this statement can be well illustrated in regards to the poster’s horizontally-aligned format, which correlates with these people’s tendency to think and act ‘holistically’ – that is, without trying to exercise a ‘hierarchic’ control over the surrounding reality. The large image of a smiling young woman, contained in the poster, encourages onlookers to think of the process of consuming alcoholic beverages in terms of a ‘relaxation’, rather than in terms of an ‘aggression’. The poster’s blue-colored background emphasizes this particular perceptual aspect even further. Because poster’s designers knew perfectly well that it is in the very nature of the targeted audience’s members to contextualize informational inputs, they made a deliberate point in downsizing the advertised product visually and in placing it in the poster’s right-bottom corner. By doing it, they succeeded in confirming the potential consumers’ intuitive insight that the consumption of alcoholic beverages cannot be thought of as ‘thing in itself’ (as Westerners tend to do), but rather as something that makes one more emotionally comfortable, while socializing with others. In light of what has been said earlier, it will only be logical to suggest that, when it comes to advertising commercial products, meant to appeal to Western audiences, on the one hand, and to Oriental audiences, on the other, advertisers should remain observant of the following: Westerners tend to cognitively subjectualize themselves within the surrounding social/natural environment. As Bower (2000) noted, â€Å"In a variety of reasoning tasks†¦ (Westerners) adopt an ‘analytic’ perspective. They look for the traits of o bjects while largely ignoring their context† (p. 57). In its turn, this implies that the marketing campaigns, aimed at Westerners, should provide would-be-consumers with a rationale-based reason to purchase the advertised products. Orientals tend to think of themselves in terms of the surrounding reality’s integral part. Hence, the Orientals’ culturally predetermined tendency to think of causes and effects, as such that derive out of each other cyclically (contextually) rather than linearly (Masuda et al. 2008, p. 1265). What it means is that, while trying to make a particular product emotionally appealing to Oriental consumers, advertisers should focus on emphasizing this product’s ability to help the targeted buyers to celebrate their existential self-identity. The earlier conducted semiotic analysis of both posters points out to the fact that, contrary to the provisions of a ‘universalist’ marketing theory, consumers’ ethno-cultural affiliation does play an important role in how they perceive the de facto relevancy of commercial advertisements. Therefore, even though that the application of Maslow’s ‘theory of needs’ (within the context of designing marketing-strategies) continues to remain fully appropriate, marketers should never cease being aware of the fact that consumers’ first-order, second-order and third-order priorities cannot be discussed outside of what happened to be the particulars of the concerned individuals’ cultural leanings. The same analysis also suggests that, in order for a particular advertisement to be considered fully effective, it must be ‘covertly sound’ – that is, potential buyers should not only be in a position to recognize the legitimacy of the conveyed message consciously, but also unconsciously. In its turn, this again implies that it represents the matter of a crucial importance for marketers to be able to understand what acc ount for the workings of the targeted audience’s ‘collective psyche’. As it was shown throughout the course of this paper’s Analytical part, there is nothing accidental about the fact that, despite being concerned with advertising the same line of products (beer), the analyzed American and Korean posters do not correlate with each other semiotically. This is because they were designed to appeal to the groups of people, who due to the characteristics of their cultural affiliation, differ in how they indulge in cognitive processes. Thus, it will be only logical to reinstate once again that there can indeed be very little uniformity to the deployment of marketing strategies in different parts of the world. I believe that this conclusion fully correlates with the paper’s initial thesis. References Bower, B 2000, ‘Cultures of reason’, Science News, vol. 157 no. 4, pp. 56-58. De Mooij, M 2004, Consumer behavior and culture: consequences for g lobal marketing and advertising, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks. Greenwood, S 2009, Anthropology of magic, Berg Publishers, Oxford. Masuda, T, Gonzales, R, Kwan, L Nisbett, R 2008, ‘Culture and aesthetic preference: comparing the attention to context of East Asians and Americans’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol. 34 no. 9, pp. 1260-1275. Norenzayan, A, Smith, E, Beom, J Nisbett, R 2002, ‘Cultural preferences for formal versus intuitive reasoning’, Cognitive Science, vol. 26 no. 5, pp. 653-684. This essay on Advertisements Analysis and Comparison was written and submitted by user Marlee Ratliff to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The eNotes Blog 8 Ways to Celebrate Poem in Your PocketDay

8 Ways to Celebrate Poem in Your PocketDay With only a few more days left in National Poetry Month, we want to highlight one of the last major events of this month’s celebration: Poem in Your Pocket Day. This year, Poem in Your Pocket Day will be held on April 26. It’s a day to carry around pocket-sized works of poetry to encourage the sharing and spreading of the art. Whether you choose to carry a poem you have written yourself or something by a treasured poet, there are tons of ways to get involved. Participating in Poem in Your Pocket day is all about the celebrating the art of poetry and its impact on our culture. Lets look at eight ways you can get involved with Poem in Your Pocket Day.  Ã‚   Image via Unsplash 1. Share on social media Sharing a poem on social media is one of the easiest ways to participate in Poem in Your Pocket Day. Use the hashtag #pocketpoem to circulate your work and connect with others that are sharing theirs. This is a great way to promote poetry across a variety of social media platforms, and we have a feeling if Emily Dickinson had a Twitter, shed be all over this idea. Image via Unsplash 2. Distribute during your day Handwrite or type up some pocket-sized poetry cards that you can distribute during your daily routine. You can pass them out to friends, colleagues, or even random passersby on the street. If youre feeling inspired, add some color, drawings, or tie them up into little Shakespearean scrolls. Who knows, your simple act of kindness might just inspire someone else to pay it forward. Image via Unsplash 3. Put it on display Find a space in your home, at work, or in another public setting where your poem is guaranteed to be seen. Bulletin boards, refrigerators, and even bathroom mirrors are all great places to display short works of poetry. You could even create a tear-away flyer so   individuals can take a piece of poetry with them. Image via Unsplash 4. Send a poetic postcard When’s the last time you actually received a postcard? Postcards are undoubtedly a great surprise to receive in the mail, so why not personalize it with some poetry? A poetic postcard is sure to be appreciated and admired.  After all, some of the  greatest poets loved writing and receiving postcards, so it only seems appropriate to send a Poe-stcard. Image via Youtube 5. Make a paper fortune teller Back in the playground days, paper fortune tellers were a hot commodity. Why not revive the craft for Poem in Your Pocket Day? You can design a fun poetry inspired fortune teller to spark conversation and entertain your peers. If you have no idea how or where to start, there are a plethora of instructions online. Image via Unsplash 6. Try poetry-inspired origami If you’re feeling crafty, try creating some origami covered in poetry. There are a variety of different shapes and structures into which you can fold your pocket-sized poetry. This is a thoughtful way to pass along poetry in a unique form, which is sure to brighten someones day. Image via Unsplash 7. Create a collaborative piece Create a collaborative poem by writing a couple lines and then hanging it somewhere so others can contribute to it. At the end of the day, collect your original piece and see how many people have interacted with it. Whether it ends up being a fluid poem or not, its an exciting experiment. Image via Suppertime 8. Write on a receipt Writing a mini poem on the bottom of a receipt is a subtle way to pass along poetry. If you need to sign a receipt during your day, before returning it, write a few lines on the bottom. It’s a sure way to make your waiter smile. There are so many ways to get involved with Poem in Your Pocket Day without actually having to carry around a poem in your pocket. I encourage you to find something that you can do to participate in the celebration and help keep the spread of poetry alive in our culture.

Methodology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Methodology - Research Paper Example The second phase of the research will involve collection of qualitative data seeking to establish the existing barriers in the context of knowledge sharing within the university environment. The research seeks to examine communication barriers and the impact of these barriers on knowledge sharing. Qualitative methods will be utilised in collection of information regarding the impact of the barriers on the information flow. Secondary sources of information will be utilised in the collection of qualitative data. The elements being researched will be effectively understood through collection of both qualitative and quantitative data. This remains the fundamental advantage for the utilisation of mixed methods in conducting research. The utilisation of mixed methods enables researchers to gain pragmatic perspectives towards understanding the elements being researched(Creswell & Clark, 2007). Data collection within the research will be conducted through two fundamental approaches, which will enable the collection of both qualitative and quantitative data. The utilisation of interviews will provide the research with a platform for communicating directly with the participants and collect essential information for the research findings. The interviews will be conducted in different locations according to the requirements of the participants. Interviews are essential in providing primary information regarding the qualitative data required within the research(Cozby & Bates, 2012). The interviews will be utilised in the collection of both qualitative and quantitative data, essential for the research. The interviews will follow a structured approach in which the researchers will utilise written questions in data collection. The researchers will also utilise questionnaires in seeking to reach individuals from remote locations, who cannot be reached

What Kind of Stress a Police Officer Can Withstand Research Paper

What Kind of Stress a Police Officer Can Withstand - Research Paper Example According to Patterson (2009), the normal tasks and events can be classified into four areas. The four areas have been influential in the characterization of stress among police officers. The first source of stress for police officers is the whole law enforcement organization. The organization operates based on a strict paramilitary structure that discourages any form of insubordination (Bano & Talib, 2014). The bureaucratic structure of law enforcement presents a challenge to all officers. Some of the challenges that come with the system are the lack of adequate equipment, poor shift management, low pay, excess paper and inadequate training. Second, law enforcement faces stressful conditions because of the need to practice caution when dealing with the community (Russell, Cole, & Jones, 2014). The exposure of police officers to troubled individuals, criminals and the use of deadly force in some situation can lead to stress. The third source of stress for officers is the criminal justice system. It is challenging to work with lawyers, media, and the public.   For example, police officers sometimes feel the criminal justice system does a poor job of dealing with criminals and puts too many restrictions for them to perform their duties. The final source of stress for officers is their personal lives. Stress from personal lives can be caused by the pressure to buy a home, having a new baby, divorce and chronic illness affecting family members. There is no designated compensation for this form of stress. The research paper aims to analyze the impact of mental stress on police officers. It seeks to comprehend the impact of stress on the ability of officers to fulfill their normal duties. The findings from the research can help in determining the best options that can be implemented to help officers to manage stress.   Police Officers are subject to stress like normal workers. However, the situation for the police officers can be worse because of the life-threatening conditions that they face from day to day.

Declaration of the Rights of Men and of Citizens Essay Example for Free

Declaration of the Rights of Men and of Citizens Essay The Declaration of The Rights of Man and of Citizens begins with a clear stipulation of intrinsic freedom and equality in every man. Equality, therefore, seems to be an appropriate place to begin. The Declaration defines our equality in relation to our rights, such that we are all born with the same entitlements and among them the right to perpetuate such rights throughout our lives. Each and every one of us is entitled to the expression of the will of a community (which, according to Rousseau, is the collective will of the constituent individuals). In a similar light, the law is to regard each individual without bias; performing its duty of punishment or protection as justice sees fit. The sixth section of the declaration states that: All being equal in its sight, are equally eligible to all honours, places and employments, according to their different abilities, without any other distinction than that created by their virtues and talents. Effectually, this levels the metaphorical playing field, rightly empowers the skilful and the able while ensuring men are distinguished not by the colour of their skin, nor by their religion and neither by their wealth but by their merits and abilities. Unfortunately that has never been so. There are a plethora of sordid historical examples that contravene section VI. The apartheid, holocaust and slave trade are amongst the many historical events that have grossly violated the former section. Nepotism, racism, sexism and segregation still ail society and contribute to its atrophic senescence. One audacious claim is that every man is innocent, until proven guilty by the law. The present Catholic Church disagrees, believing than everyone is born  with the burden of original sin. It is not the only body that believes in immediate guilt, many states (including China) adopt a judicial system, which operates on a contrary principle: that every man is guilty until proven innocent by the law. UNRESTRAINED COMMUNICATION Each individual is entitled to his own opinions, their expression and their communication (regardless of content and context). The Declaration explicitly iterates that this is a mans most precious right and can only be annulled when it threatens the public order. The law establishes the threat. How exactly can you abuse the right of free speech? Who has the right to decide when freedom of speech is abused? A state may act unjustly towards the expression of politically or religiously sensitive opinions, as they may rouse widespread criticism and lead to an imbalance of governing power and authority. However, is it within the laws rights to place the right to freedom of speech below its own interests? Such controversy is faced in places such as China and Russia. However, the uproar provoked by Julian Assange and Edward Snowden prove that the West cannot lay claims to an unmarred reputation of moral conduct. Individual intrinsic equality is never defined with autonomy, since it is always bordered by the canons of the law. The Declaration seems to state that the power of the law transcends the rights of man, as it may decide what is within and excluded from such rights. It is given the power to distinguish and determine. LAW The Declaration defines the primary duty of the law as an expression of the will of the community and that the law should only [prohibit actions that are hurtful to society]. It decrees, what is not prohibited by the law, should not be hindered and the law ought to impose no other penalties but  such as are absolutely and evidently necessary. The law is detailed as the decision-making faculty in society, it has the power to imprison, accuse, arrest, apprehend and (the two most important powers) to determine the extent at which one man may secure the liberal exercise of his own rights and to establish when public order is breached or threatened. So who deems what is absolutely and evidently necessary? Who holds the reins to the law? Shouldnt the law be separate from the normal man, should it not occupy a different order of sovereignty? What gives another man the power to wield the scales of the law, is he superior to any other man that he may decide his counterparts fate? Who has the prerogative to empower another man with the sword and shield of the law? According to the declaration, all citizens have a right†¦either personally, or by their representatives, in its formation. So the populace, by right, has power over the law, which in turn, by right, has power over the populace. Ideally, this ascertains the equality of power. A cyclic system where the law changes with the people and adjusts itself accordingly as the essence of man itself changes; where any change in the attitudes of the people is reflected in a change in the law. Equilibrium is, therefore, maintained and this allows elasticity and exposes duality in the expression of power. This is by no means a moral system. By this definition, the law is as fickle as man and serves as an inadequate canon, an imitation canon to reassure us that we are a moral and just society. Though the Declaration implores the equal distribution of law, all being equal in its sight, it has managed to allow the atrocities committed in the past. The witch hunts, slave trade, oppression of women, exploitation of children and the inquisition are merely a few events where the latter section of the clause ([the law] should be the same to all) has been unpardonably violated. Is this the fault of the people? No, the fault lies with the educated  lawmakers, the representatives. REPRESENTATIVE The Declaration mentions lawmakers (or representatives) and their sole duty to express the will of the citizen. They are effectively the mouthpiece of the populace and are crucial for succinct communication between power and the people. In modern society, this role is prevalent in the majority of democratic states in the form of: Members of Parliament in the UK, Senators in the US and LegCo members in Hong Kong. Unfortunately, the representative role can be held responsible for neglecting its duties and promulgating laws in favour of the upper echelons of society throughout history. The Church is one of the main perpetrators, abusing its influence and power to serve its own needs or requirements. It can be held directly responsible for the frenzied witch-hunts, the inquisition and the violent reformation, which are some of the darkest events in history. Wealthy plantation owners all over the world perpetuated the slave trade, since their operations were extremely labour intensive and extensively profit orientated. Plantations could not profit if workers were to be paid and treated fairly; therefore requiring underpaid and exploitable workers. Since the role of a representative is conventionally a caste specific role, it is nearly impossible for a member of the people to ascend to this position. Therefore the role of a lawmaker is somewhat disconnected from the people and is, perhaps, inadvertently stifling the voice of the people. The representative has, of course, the same (equal) rights of the people and therefore is entitled to ambition. Though their duty is to represent and express the will of the people, it is rather understandably second only to their personal desires and demands. Self-satisfaction is ingrained within every single complex organism on this planet, so it is only natural to pursue your own interests and seek your own ends. However, those with power (and above all representatives and lawmakers) have  the means to meet their ends. The mere possession of power is corruptive and addictive. Those in the upper classes of society will, at the very least, strive to remain in the rung they nestle in; fearing a relegation to a lower status. Many will desire to advance and climb further from the people and manipulate the resources available to them in order to do so. Yet, it is the privileged that possess such resources or have access to certain opportunities that allow them to advance and the unprivileged that dont, thereby consolidating caste preservation and setting the cyclic nature of disparity in place. This is where the voice of the people is lost in transmission. This is evident in the American taxation scheme, where the wealthy benefit from certain policies that permits income to be classified otherwise and thereby avoiding the maximum rate of taxation. The Republican Party immortalizes these policies, as it contributes to their socio-economic preservation. What seems not to be apparent is that there is no need to abuse power. The correct expression of power and fair distribution can only bring about what the Declaration suggests: a level playing field. It would encourage a Darwinian model of progression, where the socio-economic advance and preservation of an individual is reliant on performance, ability, talent, skill and virtue. COMMON CONTRIBUTION It is necessary, according to the declaration, for a common contribution. This is for the support of the public force, and for defraying the other expenses of government. The declaration states that this common contribution ought to be divided equally amongst all according to their abilities. The former of the statements still rings true today and is the only thing reputed to be certain (apart from death). The latter stipulation, regrettably, has not. Internationally most citizens are taxed on their income, on the goods they  purchase and the money they inherit. Yet no system of taxation is truly fair, as the law affords disproportionate contribution and means of evading certain taxation. This is most evident in America, where many high net worth investors pay a smaller percentage of their income than their middle class, working counterparts. This is achieved through exploiting the capital gains tax and the carried interest tax. As a result of such exploitation, Warren Buffet only paid a combined tax rate of 17.4% in 2010, where less affluent Americans contributed up to 45% of their income to the government. The declaration stipulates that common contribution should be divided equally among members of the community according to their abilities. A merit and ability based taxation scheme is fair and just. So how should a population be taxed (if they are to be taxed on ability)? Taxing on the basis of income seems not to work. Perhaps the rate of tax should be varied by age or perhaps determined by occupation (seeing as occupation is decided by ability). A problem that arises is that this would discourage hard work and penalize success. Thus resulting in a population hesitant to use their abilities and work to their full capacity.